Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Glucosamine links hyperglycemia to mTORC1 activation and glucose toxicity in diabetes.

JCI insight·2026

Same author

Hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes: altered amino acid metabolism triggers mTORC1 activation, which drives glucagon production.

Diabetologia·2023

Same author

Moderately lipophilic 2-(Het)aryl-6-dithioacetals, 2-phenyl-1,4-benzodioxane-6-dithioacetals and 2-phenylbenzofuran-5-dithioacetals: Synthesis and primary evaluation as potential antidiabetic AMPK-activators.

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry·2023

Same author

Mapping the metabolic reprogramming induced by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition.

JCI insight·2023

Same author

Nutrient Sensor mTORC1 Regulates Insulin Secretion by Modulating β-Cell Autophagy.

Diabetes·2021

Same author

Proximal Tubule mTORC1 Is a Central Player in the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Nephropathy and Its Correction by SGLT2 Inhibitors.

Cell reports·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

[And what about diabetes?].

¹Endocrinology and metabolism, Hadassah University hospital, Jerusalem.

Bulletin De L'Academie Nationale De Medecine

|January 30, 2008

Summary

Type 2 diabetes results from complex factors including insulin resistance and deficient insulin production. Genetic predispositions interact with environmental factors like obesity and inflammation to impair beta-cell function, leading to diabetes.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology and Metabolism
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Type 2 diabetes is a growing global health crisis, driven by insulin resistance and declining insulin production.
While obesity is a major risk factor, not all obese individuals develop diabetes, highlighting the complexity of beta-cell function.
A key characteristic of type 2 diabetes is the progressive loss of beta-cell insulin secretion capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the underlying mechanisms of beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
To explore the role of genetic and environmental factors in the development of diabetes-related beta-cell failure.
To propose a hypothesis for the 'prediabetic' state and its relationship to beta-cell adaptability.

Main Methods:

Review of accumulated data on type 2 diabetes pathophysiology.

More Related Videos

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Published on: October 23, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Published on: October 23, 2020

Analysis of beta-cell function in healthy and diabetic populations.

Consideration of molecular mechanisms, including gluco-lipotoxicity, leptin resistance, adiponectin, and inflammatory cytokines.

Examination of genetic influences on beta-cell adaptability.

Main Results:

Beta-cell dysfunction is a critical factor in type 2 diabetes development.
Environmental factors, particularly obesity-related inflammation, significantly impair beta-cell function.
Genetic polymorphisms likely influence the beta-cell's ability to adapt to metabolic demands.
The 'prediabetic' beta-cell may represent a normal cell at the lower end of functional capacity.

Conclusions:

Type 2 diabetes arises from a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors impacting beta-cell function.
Inflammation associated with obesity is a significant contributor to beta-cell dysfunction.
Therapeutic strategies should focus on reducing metabolic demand on beta-cells and supporting their function and adaptability.