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Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
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Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
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Other Disorders of Digestive System

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The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Celiac disease: aeromedical considerations.

Russell B Rayman¹

¹Aerospace Medical Association, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA. rrayman@asma.org

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine

|January 30, 2008

Summary

Celiac disease (CD) affects up to 2% of the population, causing gastrointestinal issues and malabsorption. While a gluten-free diet is effective, compliance is challenging, and spaceflight may require disqualification for affected individuals.

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Immunology
Aerospace Medicine

Background:

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder affecting up to 2% of the population.
It presents with diverse gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms, complicating diagnosis.
CD is associated with other conditions like Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnostic challenges and management of celiac disease.
To assess the implications of celiac disease for aeromedical and spaceflight disposition.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on celiac disease diagnosis and treatment.
Analysis of case studies and guidelines regarding aeromedical and spaceflight fitness.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Main Results:

Diagnosis relies on endoscopic biopsy and serological testing, though symptom variability poses challenges.
A strict gluten-free diet is the primary treatment, but adherence can be difficult.
Aeromedical disposition varies; spaceflight typically warrants disqualification.

Conclusions:

Celiac disease requires careful diagnostic consideration due to its varied presentation.
Effective management hinges on strict gluten-free diet compliance.
Aviation and spaceflight medical guidelines must account for celiac disease, with stringent criteria for spaceflight.