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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Published on: November 21, 2017

Calculating the optimum temperature for serving hot beverages.

Fredericka Brown¹, Kenneth R Diller

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.

Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries

|January 30, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Serving hot beverages like coffee hotter than 136°F (57.8°C) increases scald burn risk. This study quantifies optimal temperatures balancing safety and consumer satisfaction for hot drinks.

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Area of Science:

Food Science
Thermal Engineering
Consumer Safety

Background:

Hot beverages are often served at temperatures (160-185°F) that pose a significant scald burn risk.
Maintaining a satisfactory perceived warmth is crucial for consumer acceptance of hot drinks.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify optimal hot beverage serving temperatures that minimize scald burn hazards.
To balance thermal injury risks with consumer preference for beverage warmth.
To define a figure of merit for optimizing serving temperature based on safety and taste.

Main Methods:

Utilized a mathematical model to simulate burn severity based on surface temperature and exposure time.
Incorporated literature data on preferred coffee drinking temperatures (140±15°F).
Developed a combined metric integrating scald hazard and product warmth perception.

Main Results:

Burn injury demonstrates an exponential relationship with temperature.
Optimal coffee drinking temperature was calculated at approximately 136°F (57.8°C).
This optimal temperature balances burn risk reduction and consumer satisfaction.

Conclusions:

Current recommended serving temperatures for hot beverages may be too high.
Reducing serving temperatures can mitigate scald burn risks.
An optimal temperature enhances both consumer safety and product experience.