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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

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Cancer Risk in Acromegaly: Reassessing the Evidence and Impact of Biochemical Control.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Acromegaly.

Anat Ben-Shlomo1, Shlomo Melmed

  • 1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. benshlomoa@cshs.org

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|January 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Acromegaly, driven by excess growth hormone, causes significant health issues. Early control through surgery or medications like somatostatin analogs is crucial for managing this condition.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Acromegaly results from growth hormone hypersecretion, typically due to pituitary adenomas.
  • This leads to overproduction of insulin-like growth factor 1, causing various health complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the causes, manifestations, and management strategies for acromegaly.
  • To highlight the importance of early and tight disease control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of acromegaly pathophysiology and clinical manifestations.
  • Analysis of current treatment options, including surgical and pharmacological approaches.

Main Results:

  • Surgery is effective for smaller, well-defined pituitary adenomas.
  • Pharmacologic treatments are essential for large or invasive tumors, achieving biochemical and symptomatic control.

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

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Conclusions:

  • Effective management of acromegaly requires a multi-faceted approach.
  • Pharmacologic therapies play a vital role in achieving disease control when surgery is insufficient.