Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Early Metabolic Risk in Childhood Brain Cancer Survivors with Childhood-Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists·2026
Same author

IL-1β/CXCL12 signalling orchestrates adipocyte-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor crosstalk.

Journal of translational medicine·2026
Same author

Diet plays a supportive role in managing thyroid disorders - but a critical one!

European thyroid journal·2026
Same author

ERAS thyroidectomy within the Italian DRG-based public health system: surgical efficiency is penalized.

Updates in surgery·2026
Same author

How genetic/genomic/epigenetic changed or will change the diagnosis and management of endocrine disorders?

Annales d'endocrinologie·2026
Same author

Comment la génétique, la génomique et l'épigénétique ont déjà changé ou vont changer le diagnostic et la prise en charge des maladies endocriniennes ?

Annales d'endocrinologie·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Thyrotropinomas.

Paolo Beck-Peccoz1, Luca Persani

  • 1Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, Milan, Italy. paolo.beckpeccoz@unimi.it

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|January 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyrotropinomas are identifiable using sensitive assays. Differentiating these pituitary tumors is crucial for correct treatment, with surgery as the primary option and medical therapy effective for persistent cases.

More Related Videos

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pituitary Disorders

Background:

  • Thyrotropinomas, pituitary tumors secreting thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), are rare.
  • Accurate diagnosis is essential due to distinct management strategies compared to other causes of abnormal TSH levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic significance of ultrasensitive thyrotropin assays.
  • To emphasize the importance of differential diagnosis in cases of non-suppressed TSH.
  • To outline the management strategies for thyrotropinomas.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing ultrasensitive thyrotropin immunometric assays for diagnosis.
  • Performing differential diagnosis for patients with non-suppressed TSH levels.
  • Reviewing treatment outcomes for adenomectomy, irradiation, and medical therapy.

Main Results:

  • Ultrasensitive assays clearly distinguish between suppressed and non-suppressed TSH.
  • Failure to diagnose thyrotropinoma can lead to adverse outcomes.
  • Surgical adenomectomy is the primary treatment.
  • Irradiation is considered for surgical failures.
  • Somatostatin analogs achieve >90% efficacy in reducing TSH secretion.

Conclusions:

  • Thyrotropinomas are readily diagnosed with modern assays.
  • Prompt differential diagnosis is critical for appropriate patient management.
  • A multi-modal treatment approach, including surgery and medical therapy, is effective.