Endocytosis: biochemical analyses

Many integral membrane proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum ultimately arrive at the cell surface to contact the cell environment. During transit through the Golgi and trans-Golgi network, proteins acquire post-translational modifications that can be used to track the appearance of such modified proteins at the cell surface. Cellular proteins can be treated with enzymes--e.g., sialidase or protease--or antibodies, or biotinylated to identify molecules that have reached the cell surface. Some proteins first enter the endocytic pathway before appearing at the cell surface; this is detected by treating the cells at 4 degrees and 37 degrees C. Analysis of the number of sialic acids on proteins of cells treated at 4 degrees C identifies proteins resident at the cell surface, while cells treated at 37 degrees C internalize the sialidase, which can then act with proteins in the endocytic compartments.