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Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

Published on: May 23, 2021

Auricular episthesis retained by an attachment system (2 case reports).

M Sencimen¹, H E Bal, M Demiroğullari

¹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey. metinsencimen@yahoo.com

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics

|January 31, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bone-anchored episthesis offers an excellent alternative for correcting aural atresia, especially when compared to plastic reconstructive surgery. This study highlights its successful application in two cases of congenital ear absence.

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Area of Science:

Medical Sciences
Biomedical Engineering
Otolaryngology

Background:

Osseointegration is a well-established method for prosthetic anchorage in craniofacial reconstruction.
Aural atresia, the absence of the external ear canal, can be addressed through plastic surgery or bone-anchored episthesis.
Previous studies suggest bone-anchored episthesis is a viable alternative to reconstructive surgery.

Observation:

Two patients with absent right external ears due to different etiologies were studied.
One patient also presented with hearing loss.
External ear prostheses were fitted using a bone-anchored system for both patients.

Findings:

The study demonstrates the application of bone-anchored episthesis in managing congenital aural atresia.
Successful prosthetic rehabilitation was achieved in both presented cases.
This technique addresses both the aesthetic and functional (hearing) aspects of ear reconstruction.

Implications:

Bone-anchored episthesis provides a significant alternative for patients with craniofacial defects, specifically aural atresia.
The technique offers a potentially less invasive and highly effective solution compared to traditional reconstructive surgery.
Further research can explore long-term outcomes and patient satisfaction with bone-anchored ear prostheses.