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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
08:22

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

Endothelial dysfunction in normal and abnormal glucose metabolism.

Ricardo J Esper1, Jorge O Vilariño, Rogelio A Machado

  • 1University del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Advances in Cardiology
|January 31, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cardiovascular risk factors impair the endothelium, leading to oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. Diabetes and atherosclerosis share common antecedents, suggesting a

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
08:22

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Endothelial Function
  • Metabolic Disease

Background:

  • The endothelium is a primary target for cardiovascular risk factors, with functional impairment preceding visible atherosclerosis.
  • Endothelial cells regulate vascular homeostasis by sensing stimuli and releasing molecules, but loss of balance leads to lipid and leukocyte invasion, initiating plaque formation.
  • Oxidative stress, an imbalance favoring reactive oxygen species (ROS), is generated by cardiovascular risk factors and contributes to endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of oxidative stress in endothelial dysfunction and its link to cardiovascular diseases.
  • To investigate the relationship between diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis, considering shared underlying mechanisms.
  • To understand how hyperglycemia-induced modifications contribute to advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and subsequent vascular damage.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on endothelial function, cardiovascular risk factors, oxidative stress, and diabetes.
  • Analysis of the biochemical pathways involved in hyperglycemia, protein glycosylation, and AGE formation.
  • Examination of the correlation between atherosclerosis and glucose metabolism alterations.

Main Results:

  • Cardiovascular risk factors induce oxidative stress, impairing endothelial function and promoting atherosclerosis.
  • Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
  • Hyperglycemia leads to the formation of AGEs, which generate ROS, increase oxidative damage, and contribute to atherogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress are central to the development of atherosclerosis, driven by cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes.
  • Atherosclerosis and diabetes may share common genetic and environmental antecedents, suggesting a 'common soil' hypothesis rather than atherosclerosis being solely a complication of diabetes.
  • Targeting oxidative stress and understanding shared risk factors could offer new therapeutic strategies for both cardiovascular disease and diabetes.