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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide for Treatment of Parkinsonism in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies: An Open-Label Extension of a Phase three Randomized Controlled Trial.

The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry·2021
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Effect of zonisamide on parkinsonism in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: A phase 3 randomized clinical trial.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Dioscin Mediated IgA Nephropathy Alleviation by Inhibiting B Cell Activation In Vivo and Decreasing Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Production In Vitro
14:18

Dioscin Mediated IgA Nephropathy Alleviation by Inhibiting B Cell Activation In Vivo and Decreasing Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Production In Vitro

Published on: October 13, 2023

[Kosaka's disease].

Kenji Kosaka1

  • 1Houyuu Hospital, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|February 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD), proposed in 1984, is recommended as "Kosaka's disease." Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), proposed in 1996, should not be called "Kosaka's disease."

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology

Context:

  • The terminology surrounding Lewy body diseases has evolved, with terms like diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) causing confusion.
  • Japanese researchers have sometimes referred to DLBD and DLB as "Kosaka's disease."

Purpose:

  • This review examines the historical development and conceptual distinctions between DLBD, DLB, and Lewy body disease (LBD).
  • It addresses the suggestion to rename DLBD or DLB as "Kosaka's disease."

Summary:

  • The author differentiates DLBD (proposed 1984) from DLB (proposed 1996), noting DLB was based on DLBD concepts.
  • DLBD, Parkinson disease (PD), and PD with dementia (PDD) are now understood as part of the LBD spectrum.
  • The author advocates for calling DLBD, but not DLB, "Kosaka's disease" to maintain conceptual clarity.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Dioscin Mediated IgA Nephropathy Alleviation by Inhibiting B Cell Activation In Vivo and Decreasing Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Production In Vitro
14:18

Dioscin Mediated IgA Nephropathy Alleviation by Inhibiting B Cell Activation In Vivo and Decreasing Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Production In Vitro

Published on: October 13, 2023

Impact:

  • Clarifies nomenclature in Lewy body disease research, aiding consistent communication.
  • Provides historical context for the evolution of DLBD and DLB terminology.
  • Supports accurate diagnostic and research practices by refining disease classification.