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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents01:13

Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents

Two long, straight, and parallel current-carrying conductors exert a force of equal magnitude on one another. The direction of the force depends on the current direction in the conductors.
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Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque
11:41

Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque

Published on: May 19, 2014

Proposal for measuring mechanically equilibrium spin currents in the rashba medium.

E B Sonin1

  • 1Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.

Physical Review Letters
|February 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

An equilibrium spin current generates mechanical torque, causing cantilever displacement. This effect, tunable with magnetic fields, offers a method to detect spin currents and reveals new quantum wire possibilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Spintronics
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Spin currents are fundamental to spintronics.
  • Rashba spin-orbit interaction in 2D electron gases is a key area of research.
  • Understanding edge states is crucial for novel electronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel method for detecting equilibrium spin currents.
  • To explore the mechanical effects of spin currents.
  • To investigate the properties of edge states in Rashba media.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of spin current dynamics.
  • Modeling the interaction between a 2D electron gas and a cantilever substrate.
  • Investigating the role of magnetic fields in enhancing the effect.

Main Results:

  • Equilibrium spin currents induce mechanical torque on nearby substrates.
  • This torque causes measurable displacement of a cantilever.
  • Localized edge states forming a 1D continuum were identified at the edges.

Conclusions:

  • The observed mechanical displacement provides evidence for equilibrium spin currents.
  • Magnetic fields can enhance and tune this spin current detection method.
  • The findings suggest the development of spin-orbit quantum wires.