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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
12:20

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Published on: October 5, 2013

Ferromagnetic behavior in magnetized plasmas.

Gert Brodin1, Mattias Marklund

  • 1Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|February 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Electron spin properties in a new plasma model can lead to ferromagnetic behavior. Under specific conditions, this can cause plasma instability, challenging previous understandings of plasma physics.

Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Magnetohydrodynamics
  • Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • Standard magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models typically do not account for quantum effects.
  • Electron spin and quantum dispersion are often neglected in low-temperature plasma descriptions.
  • Understanding plasma behavior under extreme conditions requires advanced theoretical frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of electron spin, quantum particle dispersion, and degeneracy effects in a low-temperature plasma.
  • To explore the potential for ferromagnetic behavior arising from electron spin properties.
  • To identify conditions under which a homogeneous magnetized plasma can become unstable.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of a novel magnetohydrodynamic fluid model.

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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
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Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Published on: October 5, 2013

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures
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Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

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  • Inclusion of electron spin, quantum particle dispersion, and degeneracy effects into the standard MHD equations.
  • Analysis of plasma stability in the low-temperature, high-density regime.

    • Main Results:

    • Electron spin properties were found to induce ferromagnetic behavior in specific plasma regimes.
    • A Jeans-like instability can arise when magnetic properties from spin overcome thermal and Fermi pressure.
    • Instability is observed in the low-temperature, high-density plasma conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Electron spin is a significant factor influencing plasma behavior, potentially leading to instabilities.
    • The developed MHD model provides new insights into quantum effects in magnetized plasmas.
    • Ferromagnetic behavior and associated instabilities are possible in dense, low-temperature plasmas.