Protein crystallization: from purified protein to diffraction-quality crystal

Determining the structure of biological macromolecules by X-ray crystallography involves a series of steps: selection of the target molecule; cloning, expression, purification and crystallization; collection of diffraction data and determination of atomic positions. However, even when pure soluble protein is available, producing high-quality crystals remains a major bottleneck in structure determination. Here we present a guide for the non-expert to screen for appropriate crystallization conditions and optimize diffraction-quality crystal growth.