Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Tim-3-targeted vaccines overcome tumor immunosuppression and reduce cDC1 dependence to elicit potent anti-tumor immunity.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same author

Author Correction: Inhibiting membrane rupture with NINJ1 antibodies limits tissue injury.

Nature·2025

Same author

Clonal hematopoiesis is associated with reduced response to atezolizumab in non-small cell lung cancer.

Journal for immunotherapy of cancer·2025

Same author

RNA neoantigen vaccines prime long-lived CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in pancreatic cancer.

Nature·2025

Same author

Different PD-L1 Assays Reveal Distinct Immunobiology and Clinical Outcomes in Urothelial Cancer.

Cancer immunology research·2025

Same author

Publisher Correction: TIGIT and PD-L1 co-blockade promotes clonal expansion of multipotent, non-exhausted antitumor T cells by facilitating co-stimulation.

Nature cancer·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Expression of Exogenous Antigens in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine via Non-genetic Surface Decoration with the Avidin-biotin System

Expression of Exogenous Antigens in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine via Non-genetic Surface Decoration with the Avidin-biotin System

Published on: January 31, 2018

A33 antigen displays persistent surface expression.

Margaret E Ackerman¹, Cecile Chalouni, Michael M Schmidt

¹Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.

Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII

|February 1, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The A33 antigen, found on colon cancer cells, is highly immobile and persistent. This characteristic may explain why antibodies targeting it remain in tumors for extended periods, aiding immunotherapy.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Expression of Exogenous Antigens in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine via Non-genetic Surface Decoration with the Avidin-biotin System

Expression of Exogenous Antigens in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine via Non-genetic Surface Decoration with the Avidin-biotin System

Published on: January 31, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunology
Gastroenterology
Oncology

Background:

The A33 antigen is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed in the small intestine and colonic epithelium.
It shares homology with tight junction-associated proteins, suggesting a role in epithelial barrier function.
Its restricted expression and high levels in colon cancer make it a promising target for immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the trafficking and kinetic properties of the A33 antigen.
To determine the antigen's potential for use in two-step, pretargeted therapies for colon cancer.
To explore the molecular basis for the antigen's unusual surface persistence.

Main Methods:

Studied the localization, mobility, and persistence of the A33 antigen on epithelial cells.
Investigated the antigen's turnover rate and half-life on the cell surface.
Explored the hypothesis that A33 is a component of the tight junction.

Main Results:

The A33 antigen is highly immobile and extremely persistent on the cell surface.
The antigen exhibits a turnover half-life greater than 2 days.
These properties may contribute to the prolonged retention of A33-targeted antibodies in tumors.

Conclusions:

The A33 antigen's immobility and persistence are key characteristics for its therapeutic potential.
These properties facilitate prolonged retention of radiolabeled antibodies in tumors, including metastatic lesions.
The A33 antigen's behavior supports its utility in pretargeted colon cancer immunotherapy and tumor penetration.