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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview01:24

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific requirements are not imposed on the...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Cubic to tetragonal phase transformation in cold-compressed Pd nanocubes.

Qixun Guo1, Yusheng Zhao, Wendy L Mao

  • 1Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA. qxguo@lanl.gov

Nano Letters
|February 2, 2008
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Summary

Palladium nanocubes subjected to high pressure revealed a novel face-centered cubic to face-centered tetragonal structural distortion. This finding offers new insights into the behavior of noble metal nanocrystals under pressure.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Nanocrystals exhibit unique properties compared to bulk materials.
  • Understanding pressure-induced phase transitions is crucial for materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural behavior of palladium (Pd) nanocubes under high pressure.
  • To observe and characterize any novel phase transitions induced by compression.

Main Methods:

  • Compression of Pd nanocubes (approx. 10 nm side length) using a diamond-anvil cell (DAC).
  • In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction to monitor structural changes during compression.

Main Results:

  • Observed a pressure-induced structural distortion from face-centered cubic (fcc) to face-centered tetragonal (fct).
  • This fcc to fct transformation was observed for the first time in Pd nanocubes.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides new insights into the pressure-induced behavior of faceted palladium and other noble metal nanocrystals.
  • The findings guide the search for new phases in close-packed metals under extreme conditions.