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Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

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Concepts of rate responsive pacing.

H J Smith¹, N E Fearnot, W A Hillenbrand

¹Med. Eng. and Dev. Inst. Inc., West Lafayette, IN.

IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine : the Quarterly Magazine of the Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society

|January 1, 1990

Summary

Researchers reviewed biologic parameters measured by biosensors in pacemakers to determine optimal pacing rates. Current pacemakers utilize parameters like temperature and respiration, with multisensor devices under development for improved metabolic assessment.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Cardiology
Physiological Monitoring

Background:

Pacemakers require accurate physiological data to optimize pacing rates.
Current pacing rate determination relies on limited biologic parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

To review biologic parameters measurable by biosensors for pacemaker rate optimization.
To assess the current status and future potential of various biosensor parameters for pacemaker applications.

Main Methods:

Literature review of biosensor technologies and biologic parameters for pacemaker rate control.
Analysis of parameters incorporated into implantable pacemakers and studied in patients.
Evaluation of parameters in early stages of investigation.

Main Results:

Parameters like intracardiac blood temperature, respiratory rate, respiratory minute volume, stimulus-to-T-wave interval, and body vibration have been incorporated and studied.
Intercardiac impedance, QRS complex area, venous oxygen saturation, and right ventricular pressure are in early research phases.
No single parameter has emerged as ideal for reflecting metabolic demand.

Conclusions:

Dual-chamber and multisensor pacemakers are being developed to improve pacing rate control.
Future pacemakers may integrate multiple biosensors for more comprehensive physiological monitoring.
Advanced sensor technology is crucial for personalized and responsive pacemaker therapy.