[Hormonal carcinogenesis in women: from mechanisms to prevention]

In spite of the explosion of basic knowledge, breast cancer remains a major problem of public health. Basic endocrinology was at the origin of the first targeted therapy in cancer with the anti-estrogens. Continuous breast cancer cell lines helped to specify the mechanism of the mitogenic activity of estrogens, the basis of their tumour promoter activity. They could not help to explain the deleterious effect of progestins after the menopause and to study the effect of ovarian hormones in the early steps of carcinogenesis. The variations of expression of ovarian hormone receptors in pre-malignant mammary lesions strongly suggest an increased sensitivity to these hormones. Moreover breast carcinogenesis is heterogeneous and the oestrogen receptor negative pathways require other targeted therapies. A better prevention of hormone-dependent cancers will need both increased basic researches translatable to human and good information of women on the avoidable risk factors.