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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction01:26

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic disorders marked by recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to an abnormal immune response against gut microflora. This leads to tissue damage. The two main forms are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.Crohn’s DiseaseCrohn’s disease is a relapsing inflammatory disorder that can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It involves all layers of the bowel wall (transmural) and shows “skip lesions” in which...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that typically begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a uniform pattern. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental influences. These factors converge to impair the colon’s epithelial defenses and promote an exaggerated inflammatory response against luminal contents.Breakdown of the Mucosal BarrierA...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...

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Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice
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Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases.

R Balfour Sartor1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. rbs@med.unc.edu

Gastroenterology
|February 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Inflammatory bowel diseases involve complex interactions between gut microbes and host genetics. Understanding these interactions can lead to targeted therapies for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The gut microbiota, particularly in the distal ileum and colon, comprises diverse bacteria and fungi that interact with host epithelial and immune systems.
  • Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis, are linked to continuous microbial antigenic stimulation of pathogenic immune responses.
  • These responses are often triggered by host genetic defects affecting mucosal barrier function, bacterial clearance, or immune regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of altered microbial composition and function in IBD pathogenesis.
  • To investigate how host genetic factors interact with microbial changes to drive chronic inflammation.
  • To identify potential targets for selective, individualized therapeutic interventions in IBD.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the complex anaerobic microbiota in the distal ileum and colon.
  • Assessment of host-microbe interactions at the epithelial and mucosal immune system levels.
  • Examination of host genetic polymorphisms and their interplay with microbial virulence factors.

Main Results:

  • Altered gut microbial composition and function in IBD patients lead to increased immune stimulation, epithelial dysfunction, and heightened mucosal permeability.
  • Commensal bacteria, such as *Escherichia coli*, may exhibit increased virulence, promoting attachment, invasion, and intracellular persistence, thereby stimulating pathogenic immune responses.
  • Host genetic variations likely interact with functional microbial alterations, initiating aggressive immune responses that result in chronic tissue injury.

Conclusions:

  • IBD pathogenesis is a complex interplay between host genetics and gut microbial alterations, rather than solely traditional pathogens.
  • Increased virulence of commensal bacteria and host genetic defects contribute significantly to the inflammatory processes in IBD.
  • Identifying specific host and microbial abnormalities in individual patients is crucial for developing targeted therapies that offer sustained and predictable therapeutic outcomes.