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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and anaphylaxis:...

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management

Pharmacologic intervention is crucial in treating cardiac arrest patients during ACLS or Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. The ACLS algorithms guide the administration of specific drugs based on the patient's cardiac arrest rhythm, which includes pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), asystole, and pulseless electrical activity (PEA).EpinephrineIndication: Epinephrine is the first-line drug for all cardiac arrest rhythms.Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice

Published on: October 14, 2014

Self-injectable epinephrine for allergic emergencies.

Jonathan E Davis¹

¹Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital & Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.

The Journal of Emergency Medicine

|February 5, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Anaphylaxis requires prompt treatment with epinephrine, the most critical medication for severe allergic reactions. This review covers the proper technique for self-injectable epinephrine administration in emergencies.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice

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Published on: October 14, 2014

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

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Published on: June 29, 2021

Mouse Body Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Thermometer During Passive Systemic Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy Evaluation

Mouse Body Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Thermometer During Passive Systemic Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy Evaluation

Published on: September 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Allergy and Immunology
Emergency Medicine
Pharmacology

Background:

Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially fatal systemic allergic reaction affecting all age groups.
Epinephrine is the primary, essential treatment for severe allergic emergencies.
Effective out-of-hospital management relies on prompt self-administration of epinephrine by patients and caregivers.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the technique for administering self-injectable epinephrine during allergic emergencies.
To discuss available epinephrine dosages and formulations.
To cover indications and other relevant issues concerning epinephrine use.

Main Methods:

Literature review of anaphylaxis treatment guidelines.
Analysis of available epinephrine auto-injector devices and formulations.
Synthesis of current recommendations for patient and caretaker education.

Main Results:

Epinephrine auto-injectors are crucial for immediate out-of-hospital treatment of anaphylaxis.
Proper technique, dosage, and timely administration are vital for effective emergency management.
Understanding indications and potential issues enhances treatment efficacy.

Conclusions:

Self-injectable epinephrine is a cornerstone in managing severe allergic reactions.
Education on administration technique, dosage, and indications is critical for patients and caregivers.
Prompt epinephrine use significantly improves outcomes in anaphylaxis emergencies.