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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Related Experiment Video

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Simultaneous Brightfield, Fluorescence, and Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Contracting Cardiac Trabeculae Ex Vivo
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Analysis of a scan conversion algorithm for a real-time sector scanner.

M H Lee, J H Kim, S B Park

    IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
    |January 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a new uniform-ladder space for digital ultrasound sector scanners, eliminating coordinate transformation artifacts. This novel approach ensures data is displayed accurately without requiring interpolation, improving image quality.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging
    • Digital Signal Processing
    • Ultrasound Technology

    Background:

    • Conventional digital ultrasound sector scanners use polar coordinates for sampling and Cartesian coordinates for display.
    • This coordinate mismatch necessitates complex transformations, leading to image artifacts in displayed ultrasound data.
    • Existing methods often require interpolation, which can introduce further inaccuracies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel data space, the uniform-ladder space, for digital ultrasound sector scanners.
    • To eliminate coordinate transformation processes and associated artifacts in ultrasound imaging.
    • To enable direct display of acquired ultrasound data without interpolation.

    Main Methods:

    • Introduction of the uniform-ladder space where sampling and display coordinates are congruent.
    • Implementation using high-speed frequency synthesizers for precise data point location.
    • Utilization of a low-pass filter to manage horizontal pixel gaps.
    • Development of mathematical models to evaluate interpolation schemes.

    Main Results:

    • The uniform-ladder space allows sampled points to be uniformly distributed along horizontal lines and radial rays.
    • Data is displayed as acquired, removing the need for interpolation processes.
    • The proposed system requires specific hardware components like high-speed frequency synthesizers and a low-pass filter.

    Conclusions:

    • The uniform-ladder space effectively resolves artifacts caused by coordinate transformations in digital ultrasound sector scanners.
    • This approach facilitates real-time display of ultrasound data with improved fidelity.
    • The proposed method offers a more direct and accurate method for ultrasound image acquisition and display.