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Related Concept Videos

Upsampling01:22

Upsampling

Managing signal sampling rates is essential in digital signal processing to maintain signal integrity. A decimated signal, characterized by a reduced frequency range due to its lower sampling rate, can be upsampled by inserting zeros between each sample. This upsampling process expands the original spectrum and introduces repeated spectral replicas at intervals dictated by the new Nyquist frequency. To refine this zero-inserted sequence, it is passed through a lowpass filter with a cutoff...
Bandpass Sampling01:17

Bandpass Sampling

In signal processing, bandpass sampling is an effective technique for sampling signals that have most of their energy concentrated within a narrow frequency band. This type of signal is known as a bandpass signal. The key principle of bandpass sampling involves sampling the signal at a rate that is greater than twice the signal's bandwidth to prevent aliasing.
A bandpass signal has a spectrum with a lower frequency limit, denoted as ω1, and an upper frequency limit, denoted as ω2. The spectrum...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain01:26

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
In contrast, nonlinear systems do not inherently possess these properties. However, for small deviations around an operating point, a nonlinear system can often be approximated as linear.
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates
08:07

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: June 18, 2013

Ultrasparse, ultrawideband arrays.

J L Schwartz1, B D Steinberg

  • 1Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia, PA.

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
|February 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Highly thinned ultrawideband (UWB) arrays achieve high resolution and low side radiation levels (SL). Ultrasparse periodic arrays significantly reduce element count for imaging applications like breast ultrasound.

Area of Science:

  • Electromagnetics and Array Theory
  • Ultrasound Imaging Technology
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Ultrawideband (UWB) arrays are crucial for high-resolution imaging.
  • Achieving very low side radiation levels (SL) is essential for distinguishing small features.
  • Current UWB array designs face limitations in element count and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the properties of highly thinned UWB arrays for high resolution and low SL.
  • To determine optimal array configurations and thinning strategies.
  • To establish element count constraints for UWB imaging systems.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of one- and two-dimensional ultrasparse UWB arrays.
  • Investigation of periodic versus random thinning strategies.

More Related Videos

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications
08:21

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Published on: May 11, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates
08:07

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: June 18, 2013

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications
08:21

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Published on: May 11, 2014

  • Evaluation of element deployment (curvilinear vs. rectilinear) and array usage (transmit/receive).

    • Main Results:

    • Minimum pulse-echo SL approaches N(-4), where N is the number of elements.
    • Periodic thinning and curvilinear deployment outperform random thinning and rectilinear designs.
    • Ultrasparse UWB periodic arrays require significantly fewer elements (<100) for low SL compared to random arrays (~10,000).
    • Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) becomes the limiting factor for element count in ultrasparse arrays.

    Conclusions:

    • Highly thinned, ultrasparse UWB arrays can achieve both high resolution and very low SL.
    • Periodic thinning and specific array configurations are key to efficient design.
    • A balance between element count, SL, and SNR is necessary for effective UWB imaging systems, as demonstrated in ultrasonic breast imaging examples.