Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy
Published on: April 8, 2018
Determination of nonlinear electromechanical energy conversion and the field-dependent elastic modulus of
1Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA.
Abstract:
Energy conversion efficiency is a critical parameter for all electromechanical materials. Although excellent techniques are available for linear materials, nonlinearities complicate the determination of conversion efficiency in electrostrictive Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3 ))O(3) (PMN). The field dependence of the elastic modulus presents additional problems. A technique combining pulse-echo ultrasound has been developed to approximate the change in the Young's modulus with applied field. A 30% decrease was observed at 1 MV/m (from ~100 to ~70 GPa). The boundary condition for these measurements was a constant electric field as opposed to constant dielectric displacement. In combination with the results from harmonic analysis, the modulus data may be used to determine the electromechanical conversion efficiency. This has been accomplished using an energy balance criterion for a PMN-based composition (with and without dc bias). The resulting longitudinal coupling values are >0.5 for practical electric fields (<1 MV/m peak).
Related Concept Videos
Strain-Energy Density
In the elastic region of a material, the relationship between the stress and the strain is linear and follows Hooke's Law. The strain energy density in this region...
Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity
Strain and Elastic Modulus
Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses
If...
Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses
Hooke's Law
