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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)
04:56

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)

Published on: July 14, 2023

Apnea in the newborn.

Satish Mishra1, Ramesh Agarwal, M Jeevasankar

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|February 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apnea of prematurity, a common issue in preterm infants, stems from immature central nervous systems. Treatment involves methylxanthines and CPAP, with mechanical ventilation for resistant cases.

More Related Videos

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia
10:36

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Published on: October 11, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)
04:56

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)

Published on: July 14, 2023

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia
10:36

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Published on: October 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Apnea, characterized by breathing cessation, affects heart rate and oxygen saturation, particularly in preterm neonates.
  • It often results from central nervous system immaturity (apnea of prematurity) or secondary causes like metabolic issues.
  • Excluding secondary causes is crucial before diagnosing apnea of prematurity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe an approach to managing apnea in neonates.
  • To outline diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for apnea of prematurity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical guidelines.
  • Exclusion of secondary causes of apnea.
  • Application of methylxanthines and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
  • Consideration of mechanical ventilation for refractory cases.

Main Results:

  • Methylxanthines and CPAP are primary treatments for apnea of prematurity.
  • Mechanical ventilation is reserved for apnea unresponsive to initial therapies.
  • A systematic approach ensures appropriate management.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of neonatal apnea requires differentiating central nervous system immaturity from secondary causes.
  • Pharmacological and respiratory support are key therapeutic modalities.
  • A structured approach optimizes outcomes for neonates experiencing apnea.