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Related Concept Videos

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of High-Q Silicon Nitride Membrane Resonators
09:46

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Published on: August 8, 2025

Extruding Kolmogorov-type phase screen ribbons.

David L Fried1, Tim Clark

  • 1P.O. Box 680, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA. dlfried@cruzio.com

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
|February 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A novel phase screen ribbon extrusion process creates phase screens of any width and length. This method ensures Kolmogorov statistics for scalable optical applications.

Area of Science:

  • Optics
  • Optical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Phase screens are crucial for simulating atmospheric turbulence in optical systems.
  • Existing methods for generating phase screens have limitations in scalability and statistical control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a new phase screen ribbon extrusion process.
  • To enable the generation of phase screens with controllable Kolmogorov statistics.
  • To achieve arbitrary ribbon width and length.

Main Methods:

  • Adaptation of a previously described extrusion method.
  • Extrusion of phase screen ribbons one column at a time.
  • Control over statistical properties up to a desired separation limit.

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Drawing and Hydrophobicity-patterning Long Polydimethylsiloxane Silicone Filaments
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Main Results:

  • Successful extrusion of phase screen ribbons with specified widths.
  • Generation of ribbons with desired lengths.
  • Achieved Kolmogorov statistics (five-thirds power-law structure function) for all separations up to a selected upper limit.

Conclusions:

  • The presented phase screen ribbon extrusion process is versatile and scalable.
  • This method allows for the creation of large-scale phase screens with precise statistical properties.
  • The technique is adaptable for various optical and adaptive optics applications.