Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive EGFR activation may...

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Biomechanical investigation of elbow dislocation: comparative analysis using <i>Papio anubis</i> baboon and human cadaver models.

Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology·2026

Same author

Canadian Spine Society: 25th Annual Scientific Conference, February 25 to 28, 2025, Fairmont Le Manoir Richelieu, La Malbaie, Charlevoix, Que., Canada.

Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie·2025

Same author

Confounding Association of Lower Limb Hypertrophy With Retarded Long Bone Growth in Mosaic Somatic Neurofibromatosis 1-A Genetic Review and Femoral Lengthening Treatment.

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews·2025

Same author

Preoperative psychological health impacts pain and disability outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical radiculopathy.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Canadian Spine Society: 24th Annual Scientific Conference, Wednesday, February 28 - Saturday, March 2, Fairmont Chateau Whistler, Whistler, B.C., Canada.

Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie·2024

Same author

Gender differences in spine surgery for degenerative lumbar disease: prospective cohort study.

Journal of neurosurgery. Spine·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Modified Yeast-Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Interacting with the Growth Factor Progranulin

Modified Yeast-Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Interacting with the Growth Factor Progranulin

Published on: January 17, 2012

HMGB1 develops enhanced proinflammatory activity by binding to cytokines.

Yonggang Sha¹, Jaroslaw Zmijewski, Zhiwei Xu

¹Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

|February 6, 2008

Summary

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) gains proinflammatory activity by binding to mediators like IL-1beta. This binding enhances cytokine production, influencing cellular activation and inflammatory responses.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Modified Yeast-Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Interacting with the Growth Factor Progranulin

Modified Yeast-Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Interacting with the Growth Factor Progranulin

Published on: January 17, 2012

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein with known extracellular roles in inflammation.
HMGB1's extracellular functions involve cellular activation and proinflammatory responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how HMGB1 acquires proinflammatory activity.
To determine the role of inflammatory mediators in modulating HMGB1's function.

Main Methods:

Inducible expression of FLAG-tagged HMGB1 in cell cultures with or without IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha.
Purification of HMGB1 and assessment of its effect on cytokine production by macrophages and neutrophils.
Investigating the binding of IL-1beta to HMGB1 and the impact of IL-1 receptor antagonism.

Main Results:

HMGB1 purified from cells cultured with IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha exhibited enhanced proinflammatory activity.
This enhanced activity included increased production of MIP-2 and TNF-alpha by exposed cells.
HMGB1 acquired proinflammatory activity upon binding to IL-1beta, and this activity was IL-1 receptor-dependent.

Conclusions:

HMGB1 acquires its proinflammatory activity through binding to specific proinflammatory mediators, exemplified by IL-1beta.
The interaction of HMGB1 with IL-1beta is crucial for its enhanced inflammatory function.
These findings highlight a mechanism by which HMGB1 contributes to inflammatory processes.