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Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects
10:16

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Published on: February 8, 2014

Electromagnetic diffraction of light focused through a stratified medium.

P Török, P Varga

    Applied Optics
    |April 10, 1997
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study models light focusing into stratified media using plane waves, building on prior work. The method provides computable diffraction integrals satisfying Maxwell

    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Electromagnetism
    • Mathematical Physics

    Background:

    • Previous research established representing incident illumination as plane waves at interfaces.
    • Understanding light propagation in stratified media is crucial for optical system design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for analyzing light focusing by high-aperture lenses into stratified media.
    • To provide a solution that satisfies Maxwell's equations.

    Main Methods:

    • The solution is derived using a plane wave representation of light.
    • Diffraction integrals are formulated for computational analysis.
    • Builds upon established methods for plane wave decomposition at interfaces.

    Main Results:

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    • A novel solution for light focusing in stratified media is presented.
    • The derived diffraction integrals are readily computable.
    • Numerical examples for practical scenarios are provided.

    Conclusions:

    • The plane wave approach offers a robust method for analyzing complex optical focusing.
    • The computational framework is suitable for practical applications in stratified media.