Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this particular...

Random Error

Random Error

Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.

Diffusion

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...

Diffusion

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Adaptive methods for dithering color images.

IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society·1997

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Videos

Fuzzy error diffusion.

D Ozdenir¹, L Akarun

¹Turkish Naval Forces, Istanbul.

IEEE Transactions on Image Processing : a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society

|February 8, 2008

Summary

This study introduces a novel fuzzy error diffusion algorithm to improve image dithering. The new method reduces quantization errors and artifacts like color streaks, enhancing overall image quality.

Area of Science:

Computer Vision
Image Processing
Digital Halftoning

Background:

Quantization errors in digital images are typically masked using dithering.
Error diffusion is a common dithering technique, but it can lead to artifacts such as color impulses and streaks due to error accumulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an improved error diffusion dithering algorithm that minimizes quantization errors and prevents artifact formation.
To enhance the visual quality of dithered images while reducing common dithering artifacts.

Main Methods:

A novel fuzzy error diffusion algorithm was proposed, considering pixel proximity to all palette entries, not just the closest.
An attraction-repulsion schema based on a fuzzy membership function was employed to control error diffusion.

Related Experiment Videos

The algorithm's speed was enhanced using an L-filter approach to predetermine membership values.

Main Results:

The fuzzy error diffusion algorithm demonstrated significant improvements in dithered color image quality.
Substantially lower mean squared error (MSE) values were achieved compared to traditional methods.
Evaluation using a human visual system (HVS)-based error measure confirmed the method's superiority.

Conclusions:

The proposed fuzzy error diffusion algorithm effectively conceals quantization errors and mitigates artifact accumulation.
This approach offers superior image quality and reduced errors for digital image dithering applications.
The L-filter optimization provides a practical method for accelerating the fuzzy error diffusion process.