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Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers

On the basis of mirror symmetry, stereoisomers of an organic molecule can be further classified into diastereomers and enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Substituted alkenes, such as the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene, are diastereomers, as these molecules exhibit different spatial orientations of their constituent atoms, are not mirror images of each other, and do not interconvert. Here, the interconversion is suppressed due to restricted...

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
In contrast, nonlinear systems do not inherently possess these properties. However, for small deviations around an operating point, a nonlinear system can often be approximated as linear.

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

Linear Approximation in Time Domain

Linear Approximation in Time Domain

Nonlinear systems often require sophisticated approaches for accurate modeling and analysis, with state-space representation being particularly effective. This method is especially useful for systems where variables and parameters vary with time or operating conditions, such as in a simple pendulum or a translational mechanical system with nonlinear springs.
For a simple pendulum with a mass evenly distributed along its length and the center of mass located at half the pendulum's length, the...

Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation

Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation

Signal processing techniques are essential for accurately converting continuous signals to digital formats and vice versa. When a continuous signal is sampled with a period T, the resulting sampled signal exhibits replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain, spaced at intervals equal to the sampling frequency. To handle this sampled signal, a zero-order hold method can be applied, which creates a piecewise constant signal by retaining each sample's value until the next sampling...

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery

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Analog VLSI implementation for stereo correspondence between 2-D images.

G Erten¹, R M Goodman

¹IC Tech Inc., Okemos, MI.

IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks

|January 1, 1996

Summary

This study presents a novel low-power analog VLSI architecture for real-time stereo correspondence in robotics. The system efficiently processes stereo image pairs to generate disparity maps, overcoming previous hardware limitations.

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Area of Science:

Robotics and Computer Vision
Integrated Circuit Design
Biologically Inspired Computing

Background:

Stereopsis-based depth perception systems face constraints in size, power, and real-time processing.
Challenges include sensor-processor communication and parallelizing stereo correspondence computation.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a comprehensive system-level, low-power analog Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) architecture for real-time stereo correspondence.
To provide a practical, compact solution using current technology.

Main Methods:

Developed a dedicated analog VLSI architecture for stereo correspondence.
Input: ordered pixels from stereo image pairs.
Output: two-dimensional disparity map.

Main Results:

First comprehensive system-level demonstration of such an architecture.
Successfully generated disparity maps from stereo image inputs.
The design integrates biologically inspired silicon modeling with practical interfacing.

Conclusions:

The demonstrated analog VLSI architecture offers a viable, low-power solution for real-time stereo vision in constrained systems.
The design incorporates countermeasures for image spatial correlations and analog hardware limitations.
This approach facilitates compact, practical implementation for robotics and navigation.