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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) in hypercalcemia.

Gregory R Mundy1, James R Edwards

  • 1Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, 1235 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0575, USA. gregory.r.mundy@vanderbilt.edu

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
|February 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) has advanced our understanding of cancer-related hypercalcemia over 20 years. Targeting PTHrP offers a promising strategy for treating hypercalcemia and bone loss in cancer patients.

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Published on: March 14, 2017

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
07:13

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

Published on: March 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) was identified 20 years ago as a tumor-associated factor.
  • Significant advancements have been made in understanding hypercalcemic syndromes linked to malignancy.
  • The role of PTHrP in normal physiology and pathological conditions has been elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the 20-year progress in understanding parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP).
  • To highlight the diagnostic utility of PTHrP in hypercalcemia.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting PTHrP in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of research over the past two decades.
  • Analysis of diagnostic applications of PTHrP.
  • Evaluation of emerging therapeutic approaches targeting PTHrP.

Main Results:

  • PTHrP is a key factor in malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.
  • PTHrP serves as a valuable diagnostic marker for hypercalcemia.
  • Inhibiting PTHrP offers potential for treating cancer-related hypercalcemia and osteolysis.

Conclusions:

  • The identification of PTHrP has revolutionized the understanding of cancer-associated hypercalcemia.
  • PTHrP is crucial for both normal physiology and malignancy.
  • Targeting PTHrP presents a promising therapeutic avenue for managing cancer complications.