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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Update in pituitary disease.

Shlomo Melmed1

  • 1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center-David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|February 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights key 2007 research on pituitary disorders, focusing on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment advances for conditions like pituitary tumors and acromegaly.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Medicine
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The pituitary gland is crucial for metabolic homeostasis through trophic hormone secretion.
  • Numerous studies on pituitary disorders were published, advancing understanding of their pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • A review of key 2007 publications was conducted to identify significant translational advances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze high-quality articles on pituitary disorders published in 2007.
  • To focus on papers with translational impact, scientific novelty, and influence on clinical practice.
  • To highlight advances in understanding subcellular mechanisms, treatment challenges, and long-term outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Selection of outstanding key articles based on quality inclusion criteria.
  • Categorization of selected papers into specific topics: pathogenesis mechanisms, prolactinoma treatment, and acromegaly outcomes.
  • Analysis and review of selected papers for their impact on endocrinology.

Main Results:

  • Advances in understanding the subcellular mechanisms of pituitary tumor and failure pathogenesis.
  • New insights into challenges of treating prolactinomas with dopamine agonists.
  • Emerging data on the efficacy of long-term medical treatment for acromegaly with improved patient outcome information.

Conclusions:

  • Selected 2007 publications significantly impact the understanding of pituitary disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes.
  • These findings have transformed principles of normal and abnormal pituitary function and management strategies.
  • The reviewed research opens new avenues for future scholarship in pituitary medicine.