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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers
08:44

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

Published on: October 24, 2018

Photothermal measurements with a Jamin interferometer.

A Cournoyer, P Baulaigue, E Lazarides

    Applied Optics
    |July 20, 1997
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study numerically analyzes photothermal experiments using mirage effect and Jamin interferometry. We found that probe-beam deflection, not just refractive index changes, significantly impacts the signal, especially at short times.

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    The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements
    09:10

    The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements

    Published on: December 5, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Laser Physics
    • Thermal Physics

    Background:

    • Photothermal techniques are crucial for material characterization.
    • Combining mirage effect with interferometry offers enhanced sensitivity.
    • Understanding signal behavior in such combined setups is essential for accurate measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To numerically investigate signal dynamics in a combined mirage effect and Jamin interferometer setup.
    • To analyze the influence of illumination time, pump beam extinction time, and probe beam height on the photothermal signal.
    • To elucidate the contributions of probe-beam deflection and air refractive index variations to the observed signal.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical simulation of a photothermal experiment.
    • Utilizing a square-pulse excitation with a weakly absorbed Gaussian pump laser beam.
    • Analyzing signal variations based on Jamin interferometer output intensity.

    Main Results:

    • Signal variation in the Jamin interferometer is caused by both probe-beam deflection and air refractive index changes.
    • Probe-beam deflection is the dominant effect at short illumination/extinction times.
    • The height of the Jamin interferometer's probe-beam arm critically influences signal detection.

    Conclusions:

    • The Jamin interferometer is a sensitive tool for monitoring probe-beam deflection in photothermal experiments.
    • Accurate interpretation of photothermal signals requires considering both optical and thermal effects.
    • This numerical study provides insights for optimizing experimental parameters in combined photothermal techniques.