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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding events provide an effective stimulus.
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
What is Cell Signaling?02:03

What is Cell Signaling?

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells
13:27

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

Published on: October 16, 2009

Outside inside signalling in CD40-mediated B cell activation.

O D'Orlando1, G Gri, G Cattaruzzi

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy.

Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents
|February 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CD40, a tumor necrosis factor receptor, is crucial for T cell-mediated B lymphocyte activation. This review details CD40 signaling pathways involving TNF-R associated factors (TRAFs) and other proteins, leading to kinase and transcription factor activation.

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Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells
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Detection of CD40 Protein-Umbelliferone Interaction via Differential Scanning Fluorescence

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells
13:27

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

Published on: October 16, 2009

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells
12:24

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Published on: March 5, 2010

Detection of CD40 Protein-Umbelliferone Interaction via Differential Scanning Fluorescence
05:30

Detection of CD40 Protein-Umbelliferone Interaction via Differential Scanning Fluorescence

Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • CD40 is a key receptor in the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) superfamily.
  • It plays a critical role in T cell-dependent B lymphocyte activation and immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on CD40 signaling pathways.
  • To elucidate the involvement of TNF-R associated factors (TRAFs) and other signaling proteins in CD40-mediated cellular responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on CD40 signaling.
  • Analysis of signaling cascades involving TRAFs and other proteins.

Main Results:

  • CD40 ligation by CD154 on T cells activates B cells, promoting proliferation, differentiation, and isotype switching.
  • CD40 signaling upregulates molecules essential for antigen presentation and humoral memory.
  • Pathways involve TRAFs and additional signaling proteins, culminating in kinase and transcription factor activation.

Conclusions:

  • CD40 signaling is a complex process vital for adaptive immunity.
  • Understanding these pathways offers insights into immune regulation and potential therapeutic targets.