Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...

Inhaled Medications

Inhaled Medications

Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effect of triple inhaled therapy on MACE and cardiovascular events in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2025

Same author

Triple inhaled therapy of formoterol/glycopyrrolate/budesonide reduces the use of oral corticosteroids and antibiotics during COPD exacerbations in real-world conditions.

Semergen·2025

Same author

COPD patient profiles in primary care. Referral criteria.

Semergen·2024

Same author

Adverse drug reactions to anticoagulants in Spain: analysis of the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Data (2010-2013).

BMJ open·2017

Same author

Polymorphic Variations in 5-HT2A, 5-HTT and DISC 1 in First Episode Schizophrenia Patients.

EJIFCC·2016

Same author

Home enteral nutrition in Spain; NADYA registry 2011-2012.

Nutricion hospitalaria·2014

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes

Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes

Published on: March 15, 2018

[Inhaled insulin. General characteristics. Repercussion on lung function].

J P Suárez Llanos¹, J de Miguel Díez, L Medina González

¹Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.

Revista Clinica Espanola

|February 12, 2008

Summary

Inhaled insulin offers a non-injectable option for diabetes management, showing comparable glucose control to injections. Long-term studies will further assess its efficacy and potential lung function effects.

More Related Videos

Assessing Insulin Clearance in Mice via In Situ Liver Perfusion

Assessing Insulin Clearance in Mice via In Situ Liver Perfusion

Published on: December 13, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes

Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes

Published on: March 15, 2018

Assessing Insulin Clearance in Mice via In Situ Liver Perfusion

Assessing Insulin Clearance in Mice via In Situ Liver Perfusion

Published on: December 13, 2024

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Pulmonology
Pharmacology

Background:

The search for non-injectable insulin therapies for chronic diabetes treatment has been ongoing.
Aversion to subcutaneous (sc) insulin injections is a barrier to treatment adherence for some patients, particularly those with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control.
Inhaled insulin presents a novel, non-injectable alternative for insulin delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin compared to traditional subcutaneous insulin for diabetes management.
To assess the impact of inhaled insulin on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
To investigate potential long-term side effects of inhaled insulin, specifically on lung function.

Main Methods:

Clinical trials comparing inhaled insulin with subcutaneous insulin for glucose control.
Assessment of lung function parameters, including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).
Monitoring of glycemic control through HbA1c levels and other relevant markers.

Main Results:

Inhaled insulin demonstrates comparable efficacy to subcutaneous insulin in achieving glucose control.
A small, non-significant decrease in FEV1 was observed early in treatment with inhaled insulin.
The observed changes in FEV1 did not progress over 2 years and were reversible upon discontinuation of the treatment.

Conclusions:

Inhaled insulin provides an effective, non-injectable alternative for diabetes management, potentially improving adherence.
While generally safe, long-term clinical experience is necessary to fully understand its efficacy and safety profile.
Initial data suggest minimal and reversible effects on lung function, warranting continued monitoring.