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Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Sequential Extraction of Soluble and Insoluble Alpha-Synuclein from Parkinsonian Brains
09:27

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Published on: January 5, 2016

Sequence determinants regulating fibrillation of human alpha-synuclein.

Hyun-Jung Koo1, Hak-Joo Lee, Hana Im

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|February 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers investigated alpha-synuclein mutations to understand Parkinson's disease. Specific proline and polar residue substitutions significantly inhibited protein fibril formation, crucial for Lewy body development.

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Millisecond Hydrogen/Deuterium-Exchange Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Alpha-Synuclein Structural Dynamics Under Physiological Conditions
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Millisecond Hydrogen/Deuterium-Exchange Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Alpha-Synuclein Structural Dynamics Under Physiological Conditions

Published on: June 23, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Alpha-synuclein is a neural protein forming the core of Lewy bodies.
  • Lewy bodies are characteristic lesions in Parkinson's disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the role of individual amino acid residues in alpha-synuclein fibril formation.
  • To identify sequence determinants regulating amyloidogenic protein fibrillation.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of various amino acid substitutions throughout the alpha-synuclein molecule.
  • Analysis of the impact of these substitutions on protein fibrillation kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Proline substitutions, particularly in residues 37-89, significantly slowed fibril formation.
  • Hydrophobicity in the central region and negative charges in the N-terminal region are critical for fibrillation.
  • Over 20 substitutions prevented fibrillation by impairing nucleation and elongation.

Conclusions:

  • Specific residues and regions of alpha-synuclein critically regulate its fibrillation.
  • Understanding these determinants can aid in developing peptide analogs to prevent protein amyloidosis and Parkinson's disease.