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Related Concept Videos

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

Contact-dependent Signaling

Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed...

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Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System
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Cytokinin signaling: two-components and more.

Jennifer P C To1, Joseph J Kieber

  • 1Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA.

Trends in Plant Science
|February 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cytokinin hormone signaling in plants utilizes a phosphorelay system, akin to bacterial two-component systems. This research clarifies cytokinin

Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Molecular signaling
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cytokinin is a key plant hormone regulating growth and development.
  • Plant hormone perception often involves complex signaling pathways.
  • Two-component systems, common in bacteria, are also found in plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cytokinin perception and signal transduction in plants.
  • To identify the key protein families involved in cytokinin signaling pathways.
  • To understand how cytokinin regulates plant development and reveals novel functions.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of two-component elements in model plants (Arabidopsis, maize, rice).
  • Genetic analyses of cytokinin signaling components.

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  • Investigation of regulatory mechanisms including transcription, phosphorelay, protein localization, and stability.

    • Main Results:

    • Cytokinin perception involves a phosphorelay system analogous to bacterial two-component systems.
    • Partially redundant protein families (histidine kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, response regulators) mediate cytokinin responses.
    • Novel players like cytokinin response factors and diverse regulatory mechanisms (transcription, phosphorelay, protein dynamics) are involved.

    Conclusions:

    • Cytokinin signaling is mediated by a complex network of partially redundant two-component elements and novel factors.
    • Cytokinin regulates its own signaling components through transcriptional, phosphorelay, and protein-level mechanisms.
    • Genetic studies reveal critical roles for cytokinin signaling in plant development and uncover new functions for this phytohormone.