Comparison of cube rotations around axes inclined relative to the environment or to the cube

Observers judged whether 2 successive computer-displayed rotations of a cube were the same or different. With respect to the observers, each rotation was about a vertical axis (Y), a horizontal (line-of-sight) axis (Z), an axis tilted just 10 degrees from vertical or horizontal, or a maximally oblique axis. Independently, with respect to the cube, each rotation was about a symmetry axis through opposite faces (F) or through opposite corners (C), an axis tilted 10 degrees from one of these symmetry axes, or an axis of extreme nonsymmetry. Speed and accuracy of comparison decreased as the axes of the successive rotations departed from the canonical axes of the environment (Z, or especially, Y), or even more sharply, from the symmetry axes of the cube (C, or especially, F). The internalized principles that guide the perceptual representation of rigid motions evidently are ones of kinematic geometry more than of physics.