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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Toilet training: methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions.

Denise M Mota1, Aluisio J D Barros

  • 1Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil. denisemmota@gmail.com

Jornal De Pediatria
|February 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Toilet training is happening later globally, with outdated methods rarely used. Incorrect training can lead to persistent bladder and bowel issues in children.

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Published on: June 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Child Development
  • Urology

Background:

  • Parental expectations regarding toilet training age are often unrealistic.
  • Current toilet training strategies have remained largely unchanged for decades.
  • The average age for toilet training completion has been postponed in many countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review scientific and lay literature on toilet training.
  • To examine parental expectations, available training methods, and associated morbidities.
  • To understand the current landscape of bladder and bowel control acquisition in children.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across multiple databases (MEDLINE, ERIC, Web of Science, etc.) and Google.
  • Inclusion of articles published between 1960 and 2007.
  • Review of 473 articles, with 85 selected for in-depth analysis.

Main Results:

  • Premature or stressful toilet training can prolong the process and lead to issues.
  • Children with incorrect training are more prone to enuresis, urinary infections, constipation, and encopresis.
  • Abundant lay literature exists but is not universally accessible; few international pediatric societies offer guidelines.

Conclusions:

  • Delayed toilet training is prevalent globally.
  • Existing training methods are underutilized and undervalued by healthcare providers.
  • Improper toilet training practices are a significant factor in pediatric bladder and bowel disorders.