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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Published on: September 18, 2018

Implicitly activated memories are associated to general context cues.

Douglas L Nelson¹, Leilani B Goodmon, Umit Akirmak

¹Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-8200, USA. dnelson@cas.usf.edu

Memory & Cognition

|February 13, 2008

Summary

Words with strong associative connections are easier to recall with related cues. Implicitly activated information during learning becomes linked to the learning context, influencing memory retrieval.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Memory Research
Associative Learning

Background:

Words with dense associative structures are more recallable with related cues.
A context-modified PIER2 model suggests implicit activation links study words to learning context.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the assumption that implicitly activated word structures during study connect to the learning episode's context.
To investigate how associative density and context accessibility affect memory recall.

Main Methods:

Two experiments were conducted, manipulating associative density of study words and context accessibility.
Context accessibility was varied by manipulating context awareness, test delay, and interfering tasks.
Implicit testing was used to assess recall without direct reference to context.

Main Results:

The influence of associative density on recall was diminished by implicit testing, interpolated interference tasks, and extended delays.
Implicitly activated information during an episodic experience becomes associated with that experience's context.

Conclusions:

Implicit activation during learning is crucial for associating information with the learning context.
Contextual information plays a significant role in memory retrieval, particularly for words with strong associative structures.