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Related Concept Videos

Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination
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Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

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Emerging rules for subunit-based, multiantigenic, multistage chemically synthesized vaccines.

Manuel E Patarroyo1, Manuel A Patarroyo

  • 1Fundacion Instituto de Inmunologia de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia, and Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia. mepatarr@mail.com

Accounts of Chemical Research
|February 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Developing a novel subunit-based vaccine against malaria requires overcoming immunological silence. Modified peptides, identified through extensive trials, induce antibody and protection responses in non-human primate models, paving the way for effective disease prevention.

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Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
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Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Published on: December 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Protein chemistry and immunology
  • Vaccine development and infectious disease research

Background:

  • Transmissible diseases cause significant global mortality and morbidity.
  • Malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS, and hepatitis pose major threats to human health.
  • A rational, protein chemistry-based approach is needed for effective vaccine development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a subunit-based vaccine strategy targeting Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
  • To identify and modify conserved malaria proteins to overcome immunological non-responsiveness.
  • To evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of modified peptides in a primate model.

Main Methods:

  • Chemically synthesized 20-mer peptides targeting Plasmodium falciparum proteins involved in red blood cell invasion.
  • Assay development for detecting high-activity binding peptides (HABPs) interacting with red blood cells.
  • Modification of conserved HABPs through amino acid substitutions and polymeric synthesis.
  • Immunization of Aotus monkeys with modified peptides and assessment of antibody induction and protection against malaria challenge.
  • Three-dimensional structure determination of modified HABPs using NMR spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Identified conserved high-activity binding peptides (HABPs) from Plasmodium falciparum proteins.
  • Initial immunization with conserved HABPs in polymeric form resulted in non-immunogenicity and lack of protection.
  • Amino acid substitutions (e.g., F<-->R, W<-->Y) were identified to break immunological silence.
  • Modified HABPs induced antibody production and protection against malaria challenge in Aotus monkeys.
  • Structural analysis revealed modifications in alpha-helix, beta-turn, and residue orientation for improved MHC II binding and immune activation.

Conclusions:

  • A novel methodology for developing subunit-based vaccines by modifying peptide residues to overcome immunological silence has been established.
  • Over 100 highly immunogenic and protective modified peptides against Plasmodium falciparum malaria have been identified.
  • This approach holds promise for creating effective, multi-antigenic, and multi-stage synthetic vaccines against various infectious diseases.
  • The findings suggest a viable path towards a highly effective subunit-based vaccine against malaria and potentially other scourging diseases.