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Related Concept Videos

Van der Waals Equation01:10

Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
First, the attractive forces between molecules, which are stronger at higher densities and reduce the pressure, are considered by adding to the pressure a term equal to the square of the molar density multiplied by a positive coefficient a. Second, the volume...
The Van der Waals Equation01:26

The Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is based on two simplifying assumptions: first, that there are no intermolecular attractions between gas molecules, and second, that the volume occupied by the molecules themselves is negligible compared with the volume of the container. However, these assumptions don't hold up under all conditions - specifically, at high pressures and low temperatures, as gas tends to deviate from ideal gas behavior.The van der Waals equation is an enhanced version of the ideal gas law,...
Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation04:01

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.
pV-Diagrams01:18

pV-Diagrams

The pV diagram, which is a graph of pressure versus volume of the gas under study, is helpful in describing certain aspects of the substance. When the substance behaves like an ideal gas, the ideal gas equation describes the relationship between its pressure and volume. On a pV diagram, it is common to plot an isotherm, which is a curve showing p as a function of V with the number of molecules and the temperature fixed. Then, for an ideal gas, the product of the pressure of the gas and its...
Deviation from Ideal Behaviour01:23

Deviation from Ideal Behaviour

Real gases do not perfectly obey the ideal gas laws, especially at high pressures and low temperatures or when they are about to condense to a liquid. These deviations occur due to intermolecular forces between gas molecules. Repulsive forces aid expansion and are significant when molecules are very close together, typically at high pressure. Attractive forces assist compression and have a longer range, being effective over several molecular diameters. They become significant when molecules are...
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Published on: August 17, 2016

Why h2 does not always equal V A/V P?

A J Wilson1

  • 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. alastair.wilson@ed.ac.uk

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|February 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantitative genetic techniques in evolutionary studies are growing, but heritability estimates can be misinterpreted. Heritability (h²) from animal models is model-dependent and may overestimate evolutionary potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantitative genetics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Animal breeding

Background:

  • Rapid growth in quantitative genetic techniques for evolutionary studies of natural populations.
  • Heritability estimates (h²) are crucial for understanding evolutionary potential.
  • Techniques adapted from animal breeding are increasingly used.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the potential for misinterpretation of heritability estimates.
  • To emphasize the model dependency of heritability estimates derived from animal models.
  • To caution against overestimating evolutionary potential due to biased heritability estimates.

Main Methods:

  • Application of quantitative genetic techniques.
  • Utilizing animal models for heritability estimation.
  • Analysis of trait heritabilities in natural populations.

Main Results:

  • Heritability estimates (h²) from animal models are highly vulnerable to misinterpretation.
  • These estimates are not generally comparable across studies.
  • Estimates are conditioned on fixed effects within the specific model used.

Conclusions:

  • Failure to recognize model dependency leads to misleading impressions of trait evolution.
  • Published heritability estimates can be upwardly biased.
  • Careful interpretation of heritability is essential for accurate evolutionary inference.