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The placenta and intrauterine programming.

A L Fowden1, A J Forhead, P M Coan

  • 1Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. alf1000@cam.ac.uk

Journal of Neuroendocrinology
|February 13, 2008
PubMed
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Environmental insults during development permanently alter fetal tissues via intrauterine programming. The placenta plays a critical role, adapting to suboptimal conditions to influence fetal growth and long-term health.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Intrauterine programming permanently alters tissue structure and function due to early developmental insults.
  • The mammalian placenta regulates fetal development through nutrient and oxygen supply and hormone bioavailability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how placental phenotype is altered by environmental conditions.
  • To emphasize the regulation of placental nutrient transfer and endocrine function by insults causing intrauterine programming.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of placental phenotype across diverse environmental conditions.
  • Focus on nutrient transfer capacity (size, morphology, blood flow, transporter abundance, nutrient exchange).
  • Analysis of placental endocrine function (hormone synthesis and metabolism).

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Main Results:

  • Environmental challenges impact placental size, morphology, blood flow, and nutrient transporter abundance.
  • The placenta adjusts nutrient consumption and production in response to environmental insults.
  • Placental hormone synthesis and metabolism adapt to match fetal development with environmental conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Placental adaptive responses aim to maximize fetal growth and viability under suboptimal intrauterine conditions.
  • Environmentally induced placental changes can transmit developmental memories, leading to intrauterine programming.
  • Placental phenotype modification is a key mechanism in intrauterine programming.