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Related Concept Videos

Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation
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Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation

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Mammalian limbs take flight.

Scott D Weatherbee1

  • 1Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. scott.weatherbee@yale.edu

Developmental Cell
|February 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored molecular mechanisms behind bat wing evolution. This study offers new insights into the genetic factors driving the diversity of tetrapod limb development and adaptation.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental genetics
  • Comparative anatomy

Background:

  • Tetrapod limbs exhibit remarkable diversity in form and function across species.
  • Understanding the evolutionary pressures and genetic underpinnings of this diversity is crucial for developmental biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular basis for the evolution of bat wing morphology.
  • To identify genetic factors contributing to the unique adaptations of bat forelimbs.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis
  • Gene expression studies in developing bat wings
  • Functional assays of candidate genes

Main Results:

  • Identification of key genes involved in limb patterning and bone development in bats.
  • Evidence for conserved and divergent roles of developmental genes in bat wing evolution.
  • Insights into how gene regulation has shaped the unique morphology of bat wings.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular insights into bat wing evolution reveal the genetic toolkit underlying tetrapod limb diversification.
  • This research provides a foundation for understanding the evolution of flight and other complex morphological adaptations.