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Bystander Effect

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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.

SBAR II: Application of SBAR

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SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
SBAR Report from a Nurse to a Health Care Provider
S: "Hello, Dr. Smith. This is Jane, RN, from the Med Surg unit. I am calling to tell you about Ms. White in Room 210, who is experiencing increased pain and redness at her incision site. Her recent...

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An Incident or Occurrence Report in a healthcare setting is a crucial document used to record any unexpected occurrence that may or may not have affected a patient, employee, or visitor. Such reports are critical to improving patient safety and include all details leading up to and including the event.
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In the healthcare industry, reports play a crucial role in documenting incidents within an agency. The primary objective of these reports is to ensure patient safety, uphold the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults

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Published on: February 8, 2019

Resident condition change: should I call 911?

Justin Montgomery¹, Ethel Mitty, Sandi Flores

¹College of Nursing, New York University, New York, USA.

Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.)

|February 13, 2008

Summary

Recognizing illness in older adults requires specific assessment tools like SPICES and FANCAPES due to atypical presentations. Early detection through systematic assessment and structured communication improves health outcomes and reduces caregiver anxiety.

Area of Science:

Geriatric Medicine
Nursing Assessment
Healthcare Communication

Background:

Older adults often present illnesses atypically, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment.
Conventional assumptions about illness presentation may not apply to geriatric populations.
Subtle changes in older adults can indicate serious health issues, necessitating specialized assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce evidence-based assessment tools for recognizing illness in older adults.
To provide guidance on systematic assessment and communication for early illness detection.
To reduce caregiver anxiety and improve health outcomes for residents.

Main Methods:

Description of assessment instruments: SPICES (Sleep, Eating/Feeding, Incontinence, Confusion, Falls, Skin), FANCAPES (Fluid, Aeration, Nutrition, Cognition/Communication, Activity/Abilities, Pain, Elimination, Skin/Socialization).

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Inclusion of other symptom assessment acronyms: DELIRIUM, PQRST, COLDSPA.

Presentation of "Should I call?" scenarios with case studies and a communication model (SBAR).

Main Results:

SPICES and FANCAPES tools are effective for routine assessment and change detection in older adults.
Systematic assessment, structured communication, and clear protocols enhance early illness recognition.
Case studies demonstrate the practical application of assessment tools and communication strategies.

Conclusions:

Systematic assessment and structured communication are crucial for early identification of illness in older adults.
Utilizing tools like SPICES and FANCAPES can prevent complications and improve resident care.
Effective communication protocols, such as SBAR, are essential for timely and appropriate emergency assistance.