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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...

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Related Experiment Video

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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Olfaction in Parkinson's disease.

Richard L Doty1

  • 1Smell and Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
|November 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parkinson's disease (PD) significantly impacts smell function, affecting 90% of early-stage patients. This olfactory dysfunction appears early and may not worsen with motor symptom progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasingly recognized as a complex disorder with significant non-motor symptoms.
  • Sensory alterations, particularly olfactory dysfunction, are common in PD patients, often preceding motor deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
  • To explore current theories regarding the pathological basis of smell deficits in PD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on olfactory function in Parkinson's disease.
  • Analysis of documented prevalence and progression of olfactory deficits in PD.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 90% of patients with early-stage sporadic Parkinson's disease exhibit smell dysfunction.
  • Olfactory deficits in PD appear to be an early clinical sign and show minimal progression over time.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a prominent and early feature of Parkinson's disease.
  • Understanding the pathological basis of smell loss in PD is crucial for early diagnosis and potential therapeutic strategies.