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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
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Parkinson's disease arises from the...
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Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Tetanus is a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by persistent muscle contractions and spastic paralysis. It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe. These bacteria produce terminal endospores, giving them a distinctive “lollipop” or “tennis-racket” appearance. They thrive in anaerobic environments, such as those found in deep puncture wounds.Once introduced into the body, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. These cells...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
07:38

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Published on: May 27, 2021

What's wrong with Tourette syndrome?

H P H Kremer1

  • 1Neurology, UMC St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. h.kremer@neuro.umcn.nl

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
|November 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers have long sought the cause of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (Tourette Syndrome, TS), but its pathogenesis remains elusive despite exploring genetic and environmental factors. Like other psychiatric disorders, TS lacks a clear understanding of its origins.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) and related tic disorders were first described in 1884.
  • The underlying cause of TS has remained a significant research challenge.
  • Many prevalent psychiatric disorders share similar diagnostic and etiological uncertainties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical and current research landscape concerning the etiology of Tourette Syndrome.
  • To critically assess the challenges in identifying the pathogenesis of TS.
  • To compare the research difficulties in TS with those in other major psychiatric conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and contemporary studies on Tourette Syndrome.
  • Analysis of research trends in genetic and environmental factor investigation.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
07:38

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Published on: May 27, 2021

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11:17

Protocol for Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Symptom Provocation to Treat Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

Published on: November 25, 2025

  • Comparative assessment of research challenges across different psychiatric disorders.

    • Main Results:

    • Despite extensive research into genetic and environmental factors, no definitive cause for TS has been established.
    • The pathogenesis of Tourette Syndrome remains elusive, mirroring the situation in other complex psychiatric disorders.
    • A potential disconnect between data acquisition and conceptual frameworks may hinder progress.

    Conclusions:

    • The exact cause of Tourette Syndrome is still unknown.
    • Further conceptual advancements may be necessary to complement data-driven research in TS.
    • Understanding TS etiology is crucial for developing effective treatments and parallels challenges in other psychiatric fields.