Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Passive Filters

Passive Filters

Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff frequency...

Active Filters

Active Filters

Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:

Design Example

Design Example

The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...

Second-order Op Amp Circuits

Second-order Op Amp Circuits

Implementing second-order low-pass filters in audio systems is crucial in refining audio signals by eliminating undesirable high-frequency noise. These filters typically involve second-order op-amp circuits configured as voltage followers, encompassing two nodes with distinct storage elements.
The analysis of such circuits follows a systematic approach, similar to the second-order RLC circuits. In practical scenarios, bulky inductors are rarely employed due to their size and weight. This means...

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass filters, manage...

Op Amp AC Circuits

Op Amp AC Circuits

Within an audio system, the filter circuit plays a pivotal role in processing the amplified audio signal from an amplifier. Its primary function is significantly attenuating signal components with lower frequencies, thereby shaping the audio output. This circuit's operations are examined, focusing on the fundamental filter configuration. This configuration involves an operational amplifier arranged in an inverting setup coupled with resistors (R1 and R2) and a capacitor (C1).

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Exoscopic Supraorbital Keyhole Approach for Skull Base Lesions: An Institutional Experience.

Asian journal of neurosurgery·2025

Same author

Neuroendoscopy Training.

Asian journal of neurosurgery·2025

Same author

The Rocker Technique for Atlantoaxial Dislocation With or Without Basilar Invagination: A Prospective Observational Study.

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)·2024

Same author

Hyperselective Tibial Neurotomy for Relieving Spasticity and Restoring Motor Functions.

Neurology India·2024

Same author

Epilepsy-Related Injuries in Children: An Institution-Based Study.

Neurology India·2022

Same author

Analysis of COVID-19 epidemic model with sumudu transform.

AIMS public health·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

Lp norm design of stack filters.

C E Savin¹, M O Ahmad, M N Swamy

¹Centre for Signal Processing and Communications, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada H3G 1M8.

IEEE Transactions on Image Processing : a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society

|February 13, 2008

Summary

Designing optimal stack filters is simplified using Lp norms, which can be solved via linear programming. This approach offers a practical framework for minimax optimization and improves impulsive noise removal in image restoration.

More Related Videos

Analyzing the Effects of Stromal Cells on the Recruitment of Leukocytes from Flow

Analyzing the Effects of Stromal Cells on the Recruitment of Leukocytes from Flow

Published on: January 7, 2015

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

Published on: August 20, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

Analyzing the Effects of Stromal Cells on the Recruitment of Leukocytes from Flow

Analyzing the Effects of Stromal Cells on the Recruitment of Leukocytes from Flow

Published on: January 7, 2015

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

Published on: August 20, 2019

Area of Science:

Signal Processing
Optimization Theory
Image Restoration

Background:

Stack filters are widely used for signal processing tasks.
Designing optimal stack filters traditionally involves minimizing specific error norms like Mean Absolute Error (MAE).
Existing methods can be computationally intensive, especially for complex optimization criteria like minimax.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a generalized framework for designing optimal stack filters using Lp norms.
To demonstrate that Lp norm optimization can be formulated as a linear programming problem.
To extend the design methodology to include mean square error and minimax criteria.

Main Methods:

Expressing the Lp norm of the error as a linear function of decision errors.
Formulating the optimal stack filter design as a linear program.
Applying the Lp norm approach to weighted order statistic filters and image restoration.

Main Results:

The Lp norm-based design unifies MAE and other error criteria within a single framework.
The proposed method provides a practical approximation for the computationally complex minimax optimization.
Lp-optimal stack filters with p>=2 show superior performance in removing impulsive noise compared to MAE-based filters.

Conclusions:

The Lp norm approach provides a robust and flexible mathematical framework for optimal stack filter design.
This generalized method simplifies the design process and extends its applicability to various optimization criteria.
Lp-optimal stack filters, particularly for p>=2, offer enhanced performance for image restoration tasks involving impulsive noise.