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Graded Potential

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or calcium...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...

Propagation of Action Potentials

Propagation of Action Potentials

The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...

Action Potentials

Action Potentials

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

Published on: November 11, 2017

UV-activated conductances allow for multiple time scale learning.

R G Benson¹, D A Kerns

¹Comput. and Neural Syst. Program, California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA.

IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks

|January 1, 1993

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ultraviolet (UV) photoinjection offers a simple method for programming nonvolatile memories in CMOS circuits without special technology. This technique enables efficient, multi-timescale learning in analog synapse circuits.

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Area of Science:

Solid State Physics
Materials Science
Electrical Engineering

Background:

Ultraviolet (UV) photoinjection of electrons through silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a method for programming analog nonvolatile memories.
This technique is compatible with standard CMOS circuits and requires no specialized processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a convenient and simple method for programming analog, nonvolatile memories in CMOS circuits using UV photoinjection.
To demonstrate the suitability of UV programming for multiple time scale learning algorithms.
To present experimental results of a synapse circuit built with UV photoinjection devices.

Main Methods:

Utilizing UV photoinjection of electrons through SiO2 for memory programming.
Characterizing the performance of UV photoinjection devices.
Building and testing a synapse circuit incorporating these devices.

Main Results:

UV photoinjection programming rates are well-suited for multi-timescale learning algorithms.
The developed synapse circuit exhibits continuously adjustable weights, electronic learn/hold control, and slow forgetting dynamics.
The synapse circuit allows unimpeded multiplication operations.

Conclusions:

UV photoinjection is a viable and accessible method for programming analog nonvolatile memories in CMOS.
The developed synapse circuit demonstrates key functionalities for neuromorphic computing applications.
This approach simplifies the integration of advanced learning capabilities into electronic circuits.