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Fertilization

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...

Cleavage and Blastulation

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

Meiosis I

Meiosis I

Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...

Yeast Signaling

Yeast Signaling

Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

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Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

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Published on: April 22, 2017

Maternal communication with gametes and embryos: a complex interactome.

Alireza Fazeli¹, Emma Pewsey

¹Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, The Jessop Wing, Level 4, Tree Root Walk, S10 2SF Sheffield, UK. a.fazeli@sheffield.ac.uk

Briefings in Functional Genomics & Proteomics

|February 14, 2008

Summary

Maternal communication with gametes and embryos is vital for successful pregnancy, influencing everything from fertilization to fetal development. Understanding this complex signaling is key to preventing pregnancy complications and understanding long-term health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Developmental Biology
Genomics and Proteomics

Background:

Maternal communication with gametes and embryos is essential for successful reproduction.
This communication involves complex, temporally and spatially regulated molecular signaling.
Disruptions can lead to pregnancy loss or long-term health issues in offspring (foetal origins).

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the limited understanding of maternal-embryonic communication pathways.
To advocate for a holistic view of this biological crosstalk.
To propose advanced methodologies for comprehensive analysis.

Main Methods:

High-throughput genomic and proteomic analyses.
Systems biology approaches.
Mathematical modeling for in silico reconstruction.

Main Results:

Current knowledge is fragmented, focusing on isolated pathways.
A comprehensive, integrated approach is needed for a complete understanding.
In silico modeling offers a promising avenue for mapping communication dynamics.

Conclusions:

A holistic understanding of maternal-embryonic communication is crucial for reproductive health.
Advanced 'omics' and systems biology are essential tools for this research.
This approach will illuminate maternal communication in both health and disease states.