Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.

Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Meristems and Plant Growth

Meristems and Plant Growth

Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.

Cell Signaling in Plants

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The CYP71A, NIT, AMI, and IAMH gene families are dispensable for indole-3-acetaldoxime-mediated auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.

The Plant cell·2025

Same author

Correction: RT-QuIC: a highly promising diagnostic method for neurodegenerative diseases-advantages and limitations.

Frontiers in neurology·2025

Same author

RT-QuIC: a highly promising diagnostic method for neurodegenerative diseases-advantages and limitations.

Frontiers in neurology·2025

Same author

The carnivorous rainbow plant Byblis filifolia Planch. secretes digestive enzymes in response to prey capture independently of jasmonates.

Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)·2025

Same author

Flavonoids of <i>Chromolaena odorata</i> (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. as potential leads for treatment against tuberculosis.

South African journal of botany : official journal of the South African Association of Botanists = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir plantkunde : amptelike tydskrif van die Suid-Afrikaanse Genootskap van Plantkundiges·2023

Same author

Ethnopharmacology and biological activities of the Aizoaceae.

Journal of ethnopharmacology·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Published on: March 15, 2018

Spatial and temporal changes in endogenous cytokinins in developing pea roots.

W A Stirk¹, O Novák, K Václavíková

¹School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa. stirk@ukzn.ac.za

|February 14, 2008

Summary

Plant hormones called cytokinins regulate germination and seedling growth. This study tracked cytokinin levels in pea roots, revealing dynamic changes and synthesis pathways crucial for early plant development.

More Related Videos

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Published on: March 15, 2018

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Hormone Signaling
Molecular Physiology

Background:

Germination and seedling establishment are critical developmental stages influenced by plant hormones.
Cytokinins are key plant hormones known to play a role in root development and growth.
Understanding cytokinin dynamics is essential for elucidating their precise functions during early plant life.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify endogenous cytokinin fluctuations in pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots during germination and seedling establishment.
To identify different types of cytokinins present and their spatial distribution within the root.
To investigate the timing and pathways of cytokinin biosynthesis in developing pea roots.

Main Methods:

Excising radicles from pea seeds at specific imbibition times (30 min, 5 h).
Harvesting whole seedlings at various developmental stages (1, 3, 6, 9 days) and dissecting roots into tip, free zone, and secondary root regions.
Utilizing chromatographic purification followed by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC(+)ES-MS) for cytokinin detection and quantification.

Main Results:

Benzyladenine levels peaked early (5 h imbibition) and then declined. Significant increases in cis-zeatin riboside-5'-monophosphate were observed after 5 h imbibition.
Total root cytokinin content increased over time, with ribotides being dominant initially, followed by free bases and glucosides.
Distinct cytokinin profiles were found in different root zones: iP-type in the root tip, and tZ, DHZ, and iP-types in secondary roots and root zones. Cytokinin biosynthesis was initiated after day 6.

Conclusions:

Cytokinin levels and types undergo significant temporal and spatial changes during pea germination and seedling establishment.
The observed fluctuations suggest that cytokinins are synthesized via multiple pathways within pea roots.
These findings provide deeper insights into the hormonal regulation of early plant development.