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Related Concept Videos

Strategies of Self-Presentation I: Strategic Self-Presentation01:12

Strategies of Self-Presentation I: Strategic Self-Presentation

Strategic self-presentation refers to individuals' intentional efforts to influence how others perceive them. This process is employed in various social and professional settings, such as job interviews, dating, politics, and legal contexts, where individuals seek to shape impressions to gain social or material advantages. While people generally present themselves in ways that align with their authentic characteristics, external factors, such as cognitive load, can hinder their ability to...
Impression Management Techniques III: Aligning Actions01:29

Impression Management Techniques III: Aligning Actions

Aligning actions are communicative strategies individuals employ to maintain social harmony and preserve personal identity in the face of potential disruptions to social norms. These actions are particularly important in managing social impressions when one's behavior might be seen as inappropriate, incompetent, or morally questionable.Types of Aligning ActionsThe three principal types of aligning actions are disclaimers, accounts, and apologies.DisclaimersDisclaimers are preventive; they are...
Impact of Individuals on a Group01:25

Impact of Individuals on a Group

In social psychology, the interplay between individuals and groups is a central concern, particularly regarding how individual actions and characteristics influence group processes and outcomes. While much research emphasizes the group's power in shaping individual behavior, it is equally significant to understand how individuals contribute to the functioning, development, and success of groups.Individual Roles in Group Productivity and Decision-MakingIndividuals are not passive participants in...
Persuasion Strategies01:52

Persuasion Strategies

Researchers have tested many persuasion strategies, including the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face techniques, in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, the principles are effective in selling products and changing people’s attitude, ideas, and behaviors (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).
Impression Management Techniques IV: Altercasting01:14

Impression Management Techniques IV: Altercasting

Altercasting is a strategic communication technique in which an individual imposes a specific identity or social role onto another person to influence their behavior and shape the interaction. By presuming a role—such as “responsible leader” or “patient person”—altercasting encourages the target to conform to that identity, often aligning their behavior with the expectations associated with the role. The power of this tactic lies in its subtlety; once a role is assigned, it becomes socially...
Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated, individuals become less...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
09:45

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Published on: January 23, 2017

Putting leadership back into strategy.

Cynthia A Montgomery1

  • 1Harvard Business School, Boston, USA.

Harvard Business Review
|February 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Business strategy benefits from economic analysis but risks losing its purpose. CEOs must integrate purpose with strategy, adapting it dynamically for sustained organizational development and competitive advantage.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
09:45

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Published on: January 23, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Business Strategy
  • Organizational Behavior
  • Economics

Background:

  • The study of business strategy has increasingly incorporated economic theories and empirical evidence.
  • Strategy consultants offer frameworks for industry analysis and achieving strategic advantage.
  • Strategy is often viewed as an analytical problem to be solved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the costs associated with an overly analytical approach to strategy.
  • To re-emphasize the importance of organizational purpose in guiding strategy.
  • To highlight the CEO's role in shaping and adapting strategy over time.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of strategy formulation and its relationship with organizational purpose.
  • Examination of case studies illustrating the dynamic adaptation of strategy.
  • Discussion of the CEO's role as chief strategist and steward of purpose.

Main Results:

  • An overemphasis on analytical frameworks can detach strategy from organizational purpose.
  • Sustainable competitive advantage may be obscured by a lack of dynamic strategy.
  • Organizational purpose, when clearly defined and adaptable, guides behavior and constrains activity effectively.

Conclusions:

  • Effective business strategy requires a clear, compelling, and adaptable organizational purpose.
  • Creativity and insight are crucial for developing purpose, complementing analytical methods.
  • CEOs play a vital role in translating purpose into practice and evolving strategy for long-term success.