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Related Concept Videos

Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates higher...
Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Adsorption of multiple ammonium salts at the air/solution interface.

Joanna Wegrzyńska1, Grazyna Para, Jan Chlebicki

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|February 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Newly synthesized bis- and tris-ammonium salts exhibit similar surface activity due to the formation of ion associates. This finding aligns with theoretical models, explaining unexpected experimental results in surfactant behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding the interfacial behavior of surfactants is crucial for various applications.
  • Bis- and tris-ammonium salts represent novel surfactant structures with potentially unique properties.
  • Previous theories predicted distinct surface activities for divalent and trivalent surfactant ions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the interfacial behavior of newly synthesized bis- and tris-ammonium salts.
  • To compare the surface activity of bis- and tris-ammonium salts experimentally and theoretically.
  • To investigate the role of ion association in surfactant behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of novel bis- and tris-ammonium salts.
  • Measurement of dynamic and equilibrium surface tension using pendant drop shape analysis.
  • Application of the surface quasi two-dimensional electrolyte (STDE) model for theoretical analysis.
  • Measurement of free chloride anion concentration.

Main Results:

  • Bis- and tris-ammonium salts showed no significant difference in surface activity.
  • The observed behavior was attributed to the formation of multiple surfactant ion-counterion associates.
  • The STDE model provided a good correlation between experimental data and theoretical predictions when association was considered.
  • The degree of association quantitatively matched free anion concentration measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Ion association significantly influences the interfacial behavior of multivalent ammonium salts.
  • The formation of ion associates explains the similar surface activity of bis- and tris-ammonium salts.
  • The STDE model is effective in describing the adsorption of ionic surfactants with significant association.